Global Reporting Initiative And Its Sustainability Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3605 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The Global Reporting Initiative was firstly organized by the coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies Services (CERES), a non-profit union of over 50 investor, environmental, spiritual, labour and social justice groups. Its idea is that reporting on environmental, economic, and social performance by all businesses is as practice and similar as financial reporting. The GRI has increased a set of main metrics planed to be related to all business enterprises, a set of sector exact metrics for exact types of enterprises and a identical format for reporting information important to a companys sustainability performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Global Reporting Initiative And Its Sustainability Business Essay" essay for you Create order As its beginning, the GRI has developed into a worldwide, multi stakeholder system which contains agents from business, labour, investors, civil society, accountants and others. Reviews to the framework take place during an extensive set of committees and subcommittees, but the GRI says that its multi-stakeholder move towards ensure the reliability and expectation needed to create a global framework successful. The GRI Sustainability Reporting directives advise exact information narrated to environmental, social and economic performance. It is prepared about a CEO declaration, key environmental, social and economic indicators, and a summary of the reporting unit, explanations of significant strategies and management systems, stakeholder affiliations, management performance, operational performance, product performance and a sustainability indication (Bryson, 2004). ABN Amro Glow on Sustainable Banking Selected A News Business Report, May 2006 the FT Sustainable Banking Awards have declared its shortlisted nominees, and exposed that ABN Amro has been shortlisted for each category. The awards aspire to know what are illustrated as the mainly sustainable banks from around the world. Its all about their sustainability and management performance and their CSR that how they implement the strategies inside the organization, they are run by the Financial Times in union with the World Banks confidential sector organisation, the International Finance Corporation. Five shortlisted candidates generally for top reward, Sustainable Bank of the Year are ABN Amro from the Netherlands, HSBC from the UK, Bank Sarasin from Switzerland, West LB from Germany and Westpac from Australia. HSBC known Sustainable Bank of the year Honour The News from Business Report Jun 2006 Global bank HSBC has been announced as sustainable bank of the year at the Financial Times Sustainable Banking Awards. The bank was mentioned for an amalgamated move towards to the triple bottom line as well as its industry-leading shift to go carbon neutral as piece of its generally position on environment modify. Previous categories saw ABN Amro actual awarded the rising markets sustainable bank of the year, because all about their sustainability and management performance and their CSR that how they implement the strategies inside the outside of the organization, Citigroup and Banamex for sustainable deal of the year and Credit Suisse for sustainable energy finance contract of the year. Integrated New Reporting Partnership commenced News from Business Report 2 Aug 2010 a original scheme planed at overhauling international company reporting has been started. The International Integrated Reporting Committee says that it will assume a essential reconsider of reporting, intending to convert the way companies formulate financial governance, and CSR statements. It says that, usual styles of reporting had be unsuccessful to attentive investors to the risks that companies, mostly banks, were running preceding to the financial crisis. The time is accurate to take advantage of the ensuing dissatisfaction to attain major restructuring. The alliance contains bodies such as organizations Nestle, Aviva, EDF and banks like HSBC as well as the UKs Prince of Wales Accounting for Sustainability and the Global Reporting Initiative. The committee will create a framework for a global world representation for integrated reporting and CSR. It intends is to sustain long term investors in making decisions support on the longe r-term penalty of what organizations or companies do. Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Ethics is the part of the culture of the individual business corporation. Becker and Fritzsche (1987) studied on different ethical perceptions between American, French and German executives. 39% of the Americans said that paying money for business favour was unethical. 12% French and none of the Germans were agreed in it. In the United States Japanese companies have been accused for avoiding the employment ethnic minority groups by the careful location of their factories (Cole and Deskins 1988, pp. 17-19). Likewise, Japanese standards on employee health and safety are as high as those anywhere in the world (Wokutch 1990). The disparate nature of ethical standards between countries will be one of the key HR issues to be addressed in the future. There will gradually be a growing together of national practice on working hours, but it will take much longer for rates of pay to harmonise. Corporate Social Responsibility as Activity in Organization 1.) Marketplace Corporate social responsibility is concerning doing what you do true, then the marketplace issues are concerning doing the right thing. Get action the right thing can be the only mainly vital feature of your business in expressions of protecting its longer term feasibility. Related Your Business The costs can be high and you get it wrong. More than the previous few years, there have been high profile losses Monsanto on GM Shell on the Brent Spar Nike on human rights, and generally currently Camelot on a problem recitation to integrity in the supply chain. No one of these companies and organizations yet imagined they would rapidly find themselves on the incorrect end of consumer view in a way that would break their business. No one of them consider they were functioning in a wrong way but all of them get trapped by varying acuities and rising matters for which they were not prepared. Related Benefits Please your customers are becoming more and more challenging. As price and value become more alike, they are looking in the direction of brand values which equal possess, and companies or organizations whose performance they can admiration. A massive quantity of a companys market investment can be what is called intangibles 96% of Coca Colas, for example and such intangibles are immensely fixed to corporate status. Manage Risk You always want that your customer always remember best good things you do, you can be certain theyll remember most the times you mess up. Only one oil drop and one case of a supplier mistreating human rights, one piece of unconstructive advertising about discrimination and youll suffer the pain. Attract investment A rising amount of investment companies and organizations look for secure investments and describe these in conditions of good management of intangibles. The Issues The collision on culture of your main products and services Trading Ethical Advertising Ethical Action for selection of suppliers 2.) Environment Any person with family has a chance in future generations and the skill of the situation to hold life. But environmental good quality rehearsal is also regarding business efficiency its about the top use of expensive raw materials and nourishing the profits of action straight from side to side to the bottom line. Related Your Business The question is the environmental bottom line of your processes. The answer is joined up in the quantity of force you utilize and the giving this power utilizes makes in the direction of matters such as the climate change. If you find it wrong, the costs should be high. The necessitate for worldwide action is ever more important governments to start to price higher all the way through taxation the vital resources which require preserving. Keep your trust on these resources too extensive, and you can locate your competitors leaving you behind. And in a few case if you have not considered your progression to recognize where misuse occurs, you have perhaps losing out on around 1% of your generally turnover that could be controlled straight from the refuse heap to the bottom line. Related Benefits Please your customers are attractive ever more demanding. As consciousness of the international size of environmental problems produces, they are appearing for companies to present them with purchasing decision which can be taken without allowancing the future. Reduce Your Costs You always want to improve your efficiency and more creative or improved quality to introduce new brand model, energy, wasted water, raw materials that are paid for and then thrown away, possible environmental mishaps foremost to well all these are costing your business money. Manage Risk All kind of collisions in conditions whether companies approach to be seen as a supplier of option by their corporate customers a lot of whom are now starting to think supply chain issues in their own environmental strategies. The Issues Towards, greenhouse gas productions from side to side energy utilize and other parts of your progression. Make use of of raw materials, both non-renewable capital which by description are not sustainable in the long term, and as significantly renewable resources which are shaped in a fashion which is not now sustainable. Possible for environmental mishaps discharge of impurity into water, air or land. 3.) Workplace One of the companys and organizations major optimistic collision on society will be the jobs you afford, and the capital you place into the community using the income you pay. But a big optimistic can be a big deficiency if you separate or you offer soul obliterating worthless work that obtains no explanation of your peoples accurate to a personal life. And the easy statement of the subject is that if people are your companys supreme asset, you require investing critically to start to understand the profits or returns. Related Your Business The company employ most of people but how much do the company intensely get from those, if you pay good salary but company cannot keep hold of them it might be that youre lost out on a essential reality of human nature people require to be developed, and confronted, and look after for them to be encouraged to gather your business goals. Current reviews and surveys of business leaders have recommended that the capability to employ and grasp onto enter talent is one of the largest rising matters for businesses. There is a lot of proof as well that the corporate status of the business as well as its corporate social responsibility is observe as a key factor for a important amount of new graduates allowing for where they should go. Related Benefit For example, strength throughout diversity if you always employ persons who seem like you, the probability are you will simply still trade to persons who look like you as well. Your customers desire to seem at your company or organization and observe them returned back and if you feel like to know how to move towards that gradually more diverse marketplace, you require employing persons who understand the motivations, goals and the objectives of all your customers. Manage Risk You do not want to be told how multifaceted employment legislation has developed, it actually is a issue now that disappointed workforce means probable lawsuits and tribunals but if the company or organization ultimately succeed its case, it should be time consuming and expensive. The Issues Work-life balance of your workers Management diversity in the employees Training, development programs for life-long learning Eliminate rude or harassment behaviour Arguments Against Corporate Social Responsibility The arguments for a collectively accountable move towards were extensively accepted, no one would yet use the tag CSR because everybody would be action it. Those of persons who spend our time assembling the box for would do fine to spend a small time enquiry the case beside, and allowing for what would be the reaction. One of the best confronts in view of cases for and against CSR is the large variety of explanation of CSR that worldwide people use. We suppose now we are discussion about responsibility and duties in how the company bring out its main function not purely about companies philanthropic money gone to charity. Most of the key arguments mainly often used against CSR and a few responses. Businesses are possess by their shareholders capital spent on CSR by managers is stealing of the equitable belongings of the holder or owners. The influence of the laisser-faire 1980s, still being known controlling influence by promoter such as Elaine Sternberg. Sternberg disputes that there are some human rights case beside CSR, which is that a stakeholder move towards to management leave without shareholders of their possessions rights. She conditions that the objectives required by conservative observation of social responsibility are ridiculous. For not all features of CSR are responsible of this, though that. Sternberg conditions that normal decorum, sincerity and justice should be accepted of any business or organizations. Response: In the initial example, this case powerfully depends on the replica of social responsibility accept by the business organism a charitable one. The beginning indicates statement is that, all the way through CSR, businessess simply gets to give away money which fairly fit in to other people. If the CSR is seeing as a development by which the business manages its dealings with a diversit y of important stakeholders who can have a genuine power on its licence to activate, the business case turn into straight away evident. CSR is regarding building dealings with customers, in relation to attracting and keeping brilliant staff, regarding managing risk, and concerning promises status. Outside of that macro scale, the argument holds up less well. Many companies actually spend considerable time and money seeking to influence the formation of public policy in their area of interest (Baker, 2009). If CSR is basically about respecting the law and paying taxes, then the above statement is fairly comment able statement. If it is about managing the demands and expectations of opinion formers, customers, shareholders, local communities, governments and environmental NGOs if it is about managing risk and reputation, and investing in community resources on which we later depend then the argument is a nonsense (Baker, 2009). Corporations do not actually think about they are n ow out to turn the poor and the environment to create their obscene profits. Corporations do not really think about they are now out to turn the poor and the environment to create their obscene profits. Response: Corporations have their split of equipment to respond for but I only do not identify the distrustful picture of business leaders in a lot of the people. The statement is that if we have involved in the actual solutions to world poverty or environmental poverty, we have a few kind of vision about how solutions will be originate. I have not seen the idea explain by the anti-corporatist association that shows how the problems will be work out by us in some way achievement over them large business. The solutions to these ordinary problems will also be ordinary solutions or they would not be solutions. By all resources provide watchful inspection to those who use the most power. But be familiar with CSR as a business framework which facilitates the general solution of capital formation as people and the environment mattered. Corporate Social Responsibility is it aÂÂ  Myth We live in the world of Establishment Corporations, who are investing in several markets all over the worldwide. ÂÂ  The time of Globalization has see worldwide society demand corporations or organizations do not exist over the law, and thought responsible for their acts. Last some decades, we have seen the re-appearance of the Super Corporate unit. These corporations and organizations are massive have that make bigger over the world and workers from many cultures and nations are closely busy in political dialogues in many authorities, and in general they made a lot of money. ÂÂ  But in the end what they do with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). As the worldwide people we have demanded that corporations perform in an ethical and responsible manner as we the people of the worldwide. Life is the now pure profit and we anticipate our corporations or organizations to reproduce this globe in which or where we live. The problem is that with Corporate Social Responsibili ty is mainly in the name itself. Corporations or organizations are not societal enterprises they do not have main functions to have gathering or parties and go to the pub with a mates or friends, or make sure that societies are consistent. Corporations or organizations above all over the western world, have main functions of making a profit on it. The higher the profit enhanced the operations. When you see there are few people who like this thing as be honest you believe they are not nice citizens and if you do not want to observe them you would not. Thus if Corporations or organizations cannot be social how can they be trustworthy to be accountable? Last some decades, a few huge corporations had brand damage owing to destitute ethical trainings such as; Nike with make use of Child Labour, ExxonMobil among the Alaskan Oil Spill, and so other examples of brand damage due to a CSR failures. This brand damage has frequently effects in large losses and that affects more profitability . So when profitability goes downwards then what happens, the share price goes down and down. The current BP Gulf of Mexico Oil failure is a major example of this. It become visible as if BP has not performed in an unlawful way, they have worked accurately as compulsory under government policies, and minimum operating standards. ÂÂ  But, questions have gone up as to whether BP operates to best preparation standards, in the expansion and organization of the Oil Rig and Well. ÂÂ  The BP CEO newly recommended that the danger to this Oil stage of fall down was one Million. They had created the well in a further precise method and extra responsible way then the risk might have been one billion. That cynic would propose that BP has currently determined to combine the CSR budget with the Marketing budget, to obtain the top message away there regarding how they will assist clean up the mess. Its all about to managing the Brand and not essentially regarding managing the environm ental calamity. So, BP is as well attractive a beat to the share price, so there is few corporate chance out there but its too little too late. So, countless other examples are that we do not know about where least standards have been working to make sure profitability, and nil has left wrong. So, these create the cost cutting look for profitability ethical, and what price do we put on this corporate social behaviour. Corporate Social Responsibility to be vital to Establishment Corporations afterwards we want to build up a financial system that rewards corporations for spending on environmental management, corporate social responsibility, and ethical trainings. An anticipation of this, we will carry on to see big corporations or organizations create decisions that are resolute by the final profitability and the share price that pursue. Alliance for Research in Corporate Sustainability Harvard Business School Firms expend a Lot of Money on Corporate Social Responsibility Why? Economics View of CSR The Friedman Doctrine The US 155 firms are descriptions corporate charity totalling $11.5 billion in 2007 giving in Numbers 2008 almost. In the organization or corporation manager is the agent who individually own the corporation primary responsibilities to them. As his performance in agreement with his social responsibility reduce return stockholders, according to the situation he is spending their money. The stockholders could independently use their own money on the exacting achievement if they wished to do so. The manager is implementing a separate social responsibility slightly than helping as a manager of the stockholders simply if he expends the investment in a different way than they would contain exhausted. The corporate Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits (Milton, 1970). CSR Can ONLY Increasing Shareholder capital Not direct Profit Maximization Separation Porter Kramer, 2002 Counterbalance Private Shareholder input or investment Warm Glow, Zivin Small, 2005 OR Represent an Agency Problem Manager discharge Own Social Responsibility Harmless to shareholder-Baron, 2007 Organization must Work for Society at safe and Large Survey Garriga Mele, 2004 Conclusion The purpose and the aim of that whole CSR study work give the over view of the topic and give some basic idea. This CSR study work present to help the reader to recognize and identify the basic information and background or history, few definitions of different writers, organization behaviour towards the workforce and the customers and importance and consequence of CSR study work. The importance of CSR gave us the overview of the industry and some stories of successful banks which show the sustainable bank in the year. Basically, CSR is the idea which helps the organization to put effort in the market place and provide the full customer satisfaction and get benefit on it. We understood the concept of the Corporate Social Responsibility and its consequences and then effectiveness of implementation in the organizations. The GRI and sustainability, integrated CSR, how CSR activities commenced in the organizations, workplace, environment, and marketplace are discuss in this study wo rk and allow us to understand the concept and implement some of the key factors in the organization. However, in which we study at this work we really discuss the actual issues and some of them is successful stories of the top of the businesses who actually work and really straggle on the CSR issues and should influence to put CSR in their business operations. But be common with CSR as a business structure which make possible the universal explanation of resources arrangement as persons and the environment mattered. And finally, we discussed the Alliance for Research in Corporate Sustainability by Harvard Business School; in this section we discussed that firms and organizations expend a Lot of Money on Corporate Social Responsibility, economics view of CSR The Friedman Doctrine. By these strategies and policies should understand by everyone and apply these strategies in any organizations.

Exposing the Ugliness of Tourism in Jamaica Kincaids...

Jamaica Kincaid addresses the reader as a tourist in her book A Small Place. Throughout the book her sarcasm and resentment towards the postcolonial state of the country cannot be missed. She exposes the â€Å"ugliness† of tourism, she writes, â€Å"The thing you have always suspected about yourself the minute you become a tourist is true: A tourist is an ugly human being† (14). Kincaid points to the fact that the tourists (European and American) and the tourism industry are morally ugly. The first section of her book displays how tourism uses the natives and the country as sources of pleasure for the tourists as they make their way to their hotel, they watch in awe at the condition of the country. Kincaid writes, â€Å"They [Antiguans] are too poor to escape the reality of their lives; and they are too poor to live properly in the place where they live, which is the very place you, the tourist, want to go—they envy your ability to turn their own banality a nd boredom into a source of pleasure for yourself† (19). The tourists do not see, and perhaps do not want to see the reality of this picturesque island they are vacationing on. Kincaid writes, â€Å"[Y]ou needn’t let that slightly funny feeling you have from time to time about exploitation, oppression, domination develop into full-fledged unease, discomfort; you could ruin your holiday† (10). This mirrors the mindset of not only tourists, but of the past and current exploiters who do not see the suffering and damage they cause, but

Air Force Training Program free essay sample

Air Force Training Program- Case 03 [Type the document subtitle] An Air Force introductory course currently uses a personalized system of instructions in the form of videotapes, from which students learn independently and then are required to pass a test. There is a proposed alternative training program which will involve use of computer-assisted instruction. The scope of the report is to compare the difference between course completion times for the Current Training method and the Proposed Training method and recommend the best training course. Although, the proposed training method’s mean value of completion time is slightly higher than that of the current training method, we see that the maximum time taken to complete the course using the proposed method is less by 2 hours. We also see that the sample standard deviation for the proposed method is much lower than that of the current method. The negative skewness of both the training method suggests that the median time taken to complete the course is higher than the mean time taken. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Force Training Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From the table we can also see that range for 95% confidence interval for population mean for the proposed method is narrower. This suggests that we have greater confidence that the population mean for proposed method will be within the range specified. The 95% confidence intervals for the standard deviation of both methods do not overlap. Thus we can deduce with 95% confidence that the population standard deviation for the proposed method will be much lower than that of the current method. On conducting a two-tailed hypothesis test about the population means of the two training methods, it is seen that there is no statistically significant difference between the average times of course completion in the current method compared to that of the proposed method. (t (102) = -0. 6027, p = 0. 5481) From a two-tailed hypothesis test, conducted to check for difference in the population variance of the two training methods, it can be concluded that the variance of course completion time for the current method is significantly higher than that of the proposed method.(F (60, 60) = 2. 48, p-value = 0. 00058) After analyzing the data, it is recommended that the Air Force training program adopt the proposed training system. As seen in Table1, the maximum time required to complete the course is lower in the proposed method than the current method. It is also seen that there is no significant difference in the average time required to complete the training in either of the methods. But the variance in the time required for course completion is significantly lower in the proposed training method. Therefore, it can be said that the proposed training method a better system for reducing the difference in course completion time for the students. Data using matched samples would have helped make more conclusive recommendations regarding the two training methodologies. This would have eliminated the variation between the students, since each student would have used the same two training methods.

Penguins (1060 words) Essay Example For Students

Penguins (1060 words) Essay PenguinsMyopic little men in tuxedos, or highly efficient land/water animals? Recent research indicates theres more to penguins than meets the eye. If youve every wondered what it would be like to be able to see as clearly under water as you can on land, just ask the nearest penguin.Most aquatic animals are short-sighted on land. Most terrestrial animals (and that includes us) are far-sighted under water. But researchers have discovered that penguins can apparently see equally well in both environments, because of the unique structure of their eyes. Penguins have to be able to see well under water because their diet consists mainly of plankton, molluscs, crustaceans, and the inevitable fish. Through a special slowing-down of their heart rate theyre able, like many other diving animals, to stay submerged long enough to search out and chase whatever catches their fancy. On dry land, its a different story-or has been up to now. Waddling along on their flat little feet, eyes fixed intently on the ground, penguins appear myopic, inefficient and generally out of place. In fact the reverse is true. During a recent stay on the Falkland Islands, a Canadian researcher discovered that penguins are able to recognize individuals and navigate the rocky terrain on which they live quite well. Long of body and short of leg, they probably poke their heads forward as an aid to balance. And as for looking at the ground, theyre merely-like us-keeping an eye on where theyre going. The human eye is adapted for aerial vision, which is why scuba divers-or even you and I in the local swimming pool-must wear goggles or a face mask to re-introduce air in front of our eyes in order to see clearly. Among vertebrates in general, the bird eye is frequently described as the most efficient. Its superior quality, combined with the fact that a large number of birds-cormorants, pelicans, seagulls, even ducks, as well as penguins-get their food from water, obviously deserved research beyond that possible in a controlled environment such as an aquarium or zoo. Professor Jacob Sivak of the University of Waterloo and his associate, Professor Howard Howland of Cornell University, had a chance to do that research recently. Their trip had but one purpose-to study the structure of penguins eyes while observing their natural habitat.The Falkland Islands, off the coast of Argentina, offered this opportunity, being one the few areas outside Antarctica where penguins can be found in large numbers. Three of the 16 known species were located there: the Gentoo, which live on flat areas right off the beach; the Magellan (also called Jackass), which live in burrows; and the Rock-hoppers, which live among the rocks along the cliffs. The Rock-hoppers were by far the most common, having a population of well over 100,000. The general rule is, the smaller the penguin, the meaner the temperament, and the researchers did witness the odd fight. Their flippers may look pretty useless out of water, but its not smart to play around with a penguin. Helll stand his ground in a face-off and if youre foolish enough to get too close, those flippers can knock you flat. Dr. Sivak and his associate, however, had little trouble. Rock-hoppers always congregate in fairly tight groups, as a defense against predatory birds such as the skua (a large seagull that thinks its a hawk), and two more upright figures in their midst didnt seem to bother them. Standing as close to their subjects as 0.3m, the scientists used two devices: one, developed by Professor Howland, to take photographs of the penguins eyes; the othger, developed by Dr. .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 , .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .postImageUrl , .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 , .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88:hover , .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88:visited , .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88:active { border:0!important; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88:active , .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88 .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u95c59f4494a83ed2cb4b7501a4ecfa88:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Grapes Of Wrath By Steinbeck (395 words) Essay Sivak, to shine a series of concentric circles on the cornea and give a measurement of how reflections of objects are altered by curvature of the eye.Despite the fact all the work had to be done at night-the only time the penguins pupils were dilated enough-the results were worth it. Comparison of the photographs with similar photos of human eyes, and study of the internal structure of the eyes of creatures discovered killed by seal lions, proved the scientists theory that the penguins eyes are the secret of its survival. In general terms, a penguin eye and a human eye are almost identical. Both have the same components necessary for vision-a cornea through which light can enter; an iris which controls the amount of light that enters; and a crystalline lens that focuses the light onto the back of the eye where a specialized membrane, the retina, receives it and passes the message along the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation. In the penguin eye, hoever, there are many subtle differences. The cornea, for example, is markedly flattened compared to ours so much so that it almost resembles a window-pane. This greatly alters the angle at which light can enter the eye and is very important for underwater swimming, when light enters the eye obliquely through a medium (water) whose density is quite different to the density of air. The penguin iris is controlled by a very powerful muscle which is able to drastically alter the shape of the lens attached to it, depending on whether the penguin is in or out of the water. The lens, comparatively larger than ours and differently shaped, focuses the light coming through the flattened cornea onto the retinal body at the back of the eye. In this way, the penguin eye adapts to whatever medium it happens to be in at the time. Interestingly, there was no evidence of eye problems (apart from one incident of blindness due to injury) in the group of penguins studied. Of course penguins dont read, watch TV or encounter any of the numerous irritants we land-bound animals subject ourselves-or are subjected-to during our lifetime. Both the testing devices and methods used in this study are easily adaptable for use with human eyes, paving the way for fast, easy identification of eye problems. Also, the researchers hope that the insights theyve gained into how animals deal with two environments may lead to knowledge of how humans, in the future, might do likewise.================================================== PENGUINS (C) 1987 Ontario Science Centre. May be duplicated for use on other information services. ==================================================